HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 3 COMPLETE

BIOLOGY1361
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 3

Review Exercises / Critical Thinking problems

Chapter 15: (1 – 24) on page 447

1. Define lymph and explain its function.
2. Name the two major lymphatic ducts and the areas of the body each of them drains.
3. Describe the structure of a lymph node.
4. What is lymphedema? What is the cause of elephantiasis?
5. Explain the defense function of the lymph node.
6. Where is the thymus gland? What are its functions?
7. Name the three pairs of tonsils and give the location of each.
8. Give the location and function of the spleen.
9. Explain the types of nonspecific immunity.
10. Name and differentiate the four types of specific immunity.
11. What are antibodies? What are antigens?
12. Explain the role of complement in the immune system.
13. Explain the role of the macrophage in the immune system.
14. Explain the development and function of B cells.
15. Explain the development and function of T cells.
16. What is an allergy?
17. What is autoimmunity? Give an example of an autoimmune disease.
18. What is iso-immunity? Gave an example of an iso-immunity disorder.
19. What are HLAs? How are they related to tissue typing?
20. What is SCID? What is its cause?
21. List three causes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
22. Differentiate between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries. Explain how the different structure related to their function.
23. Explain the role of lymph node in the spread of cancer.
24. Explain the difference in mechanism in the development of the allergic reaction of runny nose and hives, and the allergic reaction to poison ivy.

Chapter 16: (1-26) on pages 483-484

1. Differentiate between the respiratory membrane and thee respiratory mucosa.
2. List the function of the paranasal sinus.
3. What is the function of the auditory tube?
4. What is the function of the epiglottis?
5. Describe, in decrease order of size, the air tubes of the lung.
6. What constitutes an upper respiratory infection?
7. Describe rhinitis, pharyingitis, and laryngitis.
8. What is IRDS? What substance is missing from the lunch that causes IRDS?
9. Describe the pleura What is the function of the pleural fluid?
10. What is atelectasis?
11. Describe Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
12. Differentiate between external, internal, and cellular respiration.
13. Explain the mechanical process of inspiration.
14. Explain the mechanical process of expiration.
15. Explain how gas is exchanged between the lung and the blood, and the blood and the tissues.
16. How is oxygen carried in the blood?
17. Name and explain the volumes that make up the vital capacity.
18. Explain the function of chemoreceptors in regulating breathing.
19. Explain the function of stretch receptors in regulating breathing.
20. What is bronchitis?
21. Distinguish between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and aspiration pneumonia.
22. How is tuberculosis transmitted from person to person? What is the pathogen that causes TB?
23. What process in emphysema causes the reduction in lung surface area?
24. What occurs to restrict breathing in asthma?
25. Explain the effect smoking has on the body’s ability to move material trapped in the respiratory mucosa.
26. Explain the role of other systems in the regulation of respiration.


Chapter 17: (1-26) on pages 521-522

1. Name and describe the 4 layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal (g.i.) tract.
2. What’s the function of the uvula and soft palate?
3. Explain the function of the different types of teeth.
4. Describe the 3main parts of the tooth.
5. What is leukoplakia? What could possibly develop from that?
6. Distinguish between gingivitis and periodontitis.
7. Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands and describe where the duct from each enters the mouth.
8. What is the function of the upper and lower esophageal sphincter muscles?
9. Define peristalsis.
10. What are the 3 parts of the triple therapy used to treat ulcers?
11. Explain how bile from the liver and gallbladder reaches the small intestine. What is the function of cholecystokinin?
12. What is the relationship between body weight and formation of gall stones?
13. What is hepatitis? What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?
14. What is contained in pancreatic juice?
15. What do the bacteria in the large intestine contribute to the body?
16. List the 7 subdivisions of new Pulte Homes. Just kidding. The 7 subdivisions of the large intestine.
17. Describe the mesentery and the greater omentum. Not momentum, that’s in physics.
18. What’s peritonitis? What’s ascites? Watup?
19. Differentiate between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
20. Briefly describe the process of carbohydrate digestion.
21. Briefly describe the process of fat digestion.
22. Briefly describe the process of protein digestion.
23. Explain the process of absorption.
24. What structures in the small intestine increase the internal surface area? What advantage is gained by this increase in surface area?
25. Bile doesn’t cause a chemical change; what’s the effect of bile on fat, and why does this make fat digestion more efficient?
26. Some people are lactose intolerant. (And some are work-intolerant. But this isn’t about one of my sons). This means that they are less able to fully digest lactose sugar. What enzyme is probably not functioning properly and what type of food should these people try to avoid?

Chapter 18: (1-25) on page 539

1. Define anabolism and catabolism. Are they related to cannibalism?
2. Explain the function of the liver.
3. Briefly explain the process of glycolysis.
4. Briefly explain the citric acid cycle.
5. What is the function of the electron transport system?
6. Explain the ways in which energy stored in ATP is different from energy stored in food molecules.
7. List the hormones that tend to increase the amount of sugar in the blood.
8. When does fat catabolism usually occur?
9. When does protein catabolism usually occur?
10. Explain what is meant by a nonessential amino acid.
11. Name 3 water-soluble and 3 fat-soluble vitamins.
12. What is avitaminosis? Name a disorder caused by avitaminosis. What vitamin deficiency (VD) causes this disorder?
13. What are the signs and symptoms of Vitamin A hypervitaminosis?
14. Name 3 minerals needed by the body.
15. What is the function of vitamins and minerals in the body?
16. Differentiate between basal and total metabolic rate.
17. Distinguish between marasmus and kwashiorkor. Say what?
18. Name and explain 3 ways heat can be lost through the skin.
19. What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?
20. Distinguish between heat exhaustion and heatstroke in terms of a person’s body temperature.
21. Differentiate between absorption and assimilation.
22. Explain the advantage the body gains by having the blood go through the hepatic portal system.
23. Diagram the ATP-ADP cycle. Include where the energy is added and where the energy is released.
24. A man went on a 10-day vacation. Whoop-dee-doo. His total metabolic rate was 2,600 Calories per day. (Note that the word “calorie” is capitalized because a food Calorie is really the same as 1,000 calories, with a small “c.”) His total calorie intake was 3300 calories a day. He started his vacation at 178 pounds (81 kilograms). What did he weigh when he got back from his holiday? Hint: 1.0 pound is the same as 3,500 extra calories per day.
25. Why is trying to lower a moderate fever counterproductive to the body’s attempt to fight off an infection?

Chapter 19: (1-23) on page 565

1. Describe the location of the kidneys
2. Name and describe the internal structure of the kidneys
3. Define filtration, reabsorption, and secretion as they apply to kidney function.
4. Briefly explain the formation of urine.
5. Name several substances eliminated or regulated by the kidney.
6. Explain the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
7. Describe the structure of the ureters.
8. Chemical urinalysis provides information about what substances in the urine?
9. Casts are sometimes found in a urine sample; what are casts?
10. Describe the structure of the bladder. What is the trigone?
11. Describe the structure of the urethra.
12. Briefly explain the process of micturition.
13. Differentiate between retention and suppression of urine.
14. What is incontinence? What can cause it?
15. What is the most common urinary disorder? What can remove urine stains and odor?
16. What is hydronephrosis?
17. What is another term for renal calculi? What are they usually made of?
18. Briefly explain the following disorders: urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis.
19. What is proteinuria? What is hypoalbuminemia?
20. Briefly describe the 3 stages of chronic renal failure.
21. Explain the salt and water balance maintained by aldosterone and ADH.
22. What is proper blood pressure necessary for proper kidney function?
23. If a person were doing strenuous work on a hot day and perspiring heavily, would there be a great deal of ADH in the blood, or very little. Explain.
24. There is no #24.

Chapter 20: (1-15) on page 583

1. Name and give the location of the 3 main fluid compartments of the body. Which of these make up extracellular fluid?
2. What factors influence the percentage of water in the body? Explain the effect of each factor.
3. List the 3 sources of water for the body.
4. List the 4 organs from which fluid output occurs.
5. Differentiate between an electrolyte and a non-electrolyte. An electrical light and an election. Jk
6. Name 3 important negative ions.
7. Name 3 important positive ions.
8. Explain why the body is unable to reduce its fluid output to zero no matter how dehydrated it is?
9. Explain how aldosterone influences water movement between the kidney tubules and the blood. Explain how Al Capone became a mob boss. Jk
10. Explain the role of capillary blood pressure in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid.
11. Explain the role of plasma proteins in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid.
12. Define dehydration and give a possible cause.
13. Define over-hydration and give a possible cause.
14. Name the 3 hormones that regulate urine volume. Sing “Urine the Army Now.” Jk. State where each is made and the specific effect each has on urine volume.
15. Atrial natriuretic hormone has the opposite effect of aldosterone. Explain its effect on water movement between the kidney tubules and the blood.

Chapter 21: (1-14) on page 599

1. Explain the relationship between pH and the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution.
2. Write out the chemical reaction formula that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. What enzyme acts as a catalyst for this reaction?
3. What is a buffer? Who is Buffer, the Vampire Slayer? Jk
4. Explain how a buffer pair would react if more hydrogen ions were added to the blood.
5. Explain how a buffer pair would react if more hydroxide ions were added to the blood.
6. List the 4 changes that occur in the blood as the result of buffering fixed acids.
7. Explain the respiratory mechanism of pH control.
8. Describe how changes in the respiration rate can affect blood pH.
9. Explain how the chemical reaction that occurs in the distal tubule of the kidney using NaH2PO4 (monosodium phosphate) removed hydrogen ions from the blood.
10. Define acidosis and alkalosis.
11. Explain metabolic disturbances of the buffer pair.
12. Explain respiratory disturbances of the buffer pair.
13. Explain how excessive vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis and explain why normal saline can be used to correct it.
14. What is the proper ratio of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) and H2CO3 (carbonic acid) in a buffer pair? Explain how the body can use this ratio to correct uncompensated metabolic acidosis.

Chapter 22: (1-24) on page 634

1. Describe structure and location of the testes (aka testicles).
2. Describe the structure of the spermatozoa. (Note that this word has a similar ending as the word protozoa).
3. List the functions of testosterone.
4. List and briefly describe the reproductive ducts (not ducks) of the male reproductive system.
5. List and briefly describe the glands of the male reproductive system. What does each gland contribute to the seminal fluid?
6. Distinguish between infertility, sterility, and impotence (not importance).
7. What is ogliospermia? What is cryptochidism?
8. Both a hydrocele and an inguinal hernia will produce swelling in the scrotum (the sac where the testicles are). Explain the difference between the two.
9. Describe the structure and location of the ovaries.
10. Explain the development of an ovarian follicle from the primary follicle to the corpus luteum.
11. List the functions of estrogen
12. List the functions of progesterone
13. Describe the structure of the uterine tubes.
14. Describe the structure of the uterus.
15. Describe the structure of the vagina.
16. Describe the structure of the breast.
17. Explain what occurs during the proliferative phase of the reproductive cycle.
18. Explain what occurs during the secretory phase of the reproductive cycle.
19. Name the 4 hormones involved in the regulation of the reproductive cycle. Where is each made, and what is the function of each?
20. What is dysmenorrhea? What is amenorrhea?
21. Distinguish between salpingitis and oophoritis.
22. What is endometriosis?
23. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. How do these differences relate to the role of the male and female in reproduction?
24. Why are the testicles located outside the body cavity in the scrotum?

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